Monday, July 27, 2009

Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics



Learn the hows and whys behind basic electricity, electronics, and communications without formal training



The best combination self-teaching guide, home reference, and classroom text on electricity and electronics has been updated to deliver the latest advances. Great for preparing for amateur and commercial licensing exams, this guide has been prized by thousands of students and professionals for its uniquely thorough coverage ranging from DC and AC concepts to semiconductors and integrated circuits.

* Written by Stan Gibilisco, an electronics legend and McGraw-Hill's most popular TAB author
* Perfect for hobbyists, students, and those of you who want to get ahead in tech-related careers
* Packed with everything needed to enhance learning: 600+ illustrations, practical examples, and hundreds of test questions

NEW TO THIS EDITION:
Updated to reflect the latest technological advances in: * Computers * Robotics * Artificial Intelligence * Amplifiers * Transmitters * The Internet * High-fidelity

EXPERT HOW-TO GUIDANCE ON SOLVING PROBLEMS SUCH AS:

* Simple current-voltage-resistance determinators
* Power calculations
* Designing acoustical and audio systems
* Designing circuits and systems


From the Back Cover

Quickly and easily learn the hows and whys behind basic electricity, electronics, and communications -- at your own pace, in your own home

Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics offers easy-to-follow lessons in electricity and electronics fundamentals and applications from a master teacher, with minimal math, plenty of illustrations and practical examples, and test-yourself questions that make learning go more quickly. Great for preparing for amateur and commercial licensing exams, this trusted guide offers uniquely thorough coverage, ranging from dc and ac concepts and circuits to semiconductors and integrated circuits.



The best course -- and source -- in basic electronics

* Starts with the basics and takes you through advanced applications such as radiolocation and robotics
* Packed with learning-enhancing features: clear illustrations, practical examples, and hundreds of test questions
* Helps you solve current-voltage-resistance-impedance problems and make power calculations
* Teaches simple circuit concepts and techniques for optimizing system efficiency
* Explains the theory behind advanced audio systems and amplifiers for live music
* Referenced by thousands of students and professionals
* Written by an author whose name is synonymous with clarity and practical sense

Updated to reflect the latest technological trends! The Fourth Edition features new information on:

* Wireless technology
* Computers and the Internet
* Transducers
* Sensors
* Robotics
* Audio systems
* Navigation
* Radiolocation
* Integrated circuits

links

Electrical Power Systems Technology



Contents



Preface .................................................................................................................ix
UNIT I
POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND

FUNDAMENTALS .................................................................... 1
Chapter 1 Power Measurement Fundamentals ....................................... 5

Units of Measurement—Conversion of SI Units—

Scientific Notation
Chapter 2 Power System Fundamentals ................................................. 15
The System Concept—Basic System Functions—A Simple
Electrical System Example—Energy, Work, and Power—Types
of Electrical Circuits—Power in DC Electrical Circuits—
Maximum Power Transfer—Overview of Alternating Current
(AC) Circuits—Vector and Phasor Diagrams—Impedance in
AC Circuits—Power Relationships in AC Circuits—Power
Relationships in Three—Phase Circuits
Chapter 3 Power Measurement Equipment ........................................... 59
Measurement Systems—Measuring Electrical Power—
Measuring Electrical Energy—Measuring Three-Phase Electrical
Energy—Frequency Measurement—Synchroscopes—
Ground -Fault Indicators—Megohmeters—Clamp-On Meters
Telemetering Systems
UNIT II ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ............. 79
Chapter 4 Modern Power Systems .......................................................... 83
Electrical Power Plants—Fossil Fuel Systems—Steam Turbines—
Boilers—Hydroelectric Systems—Nuclear Fission Systems—
Operational Aspects of Modem Power Systems
Chapter 5 Alternative Power Systems ................................................... 117
Potential Power Sources—Solar Energy Systems—Geothermal
Power Systems—Wind Systems—Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Power Systems—Nuclear-Fusion
Methods—Future of Nuclear Fusion—Fuel-Cell Systems—Tidal
Power Systems—Coal-Gasification Fuel Systems—Oil-Shale
Fuel-Production Systems—Alternative Nuclear Power Plants—
Biomass Systems
vi Chapter 6 Alternating Current Power Systems ................................... 137
Electromagnetic Induction—Basic Generator Operation—
Single-Phase AC Power Systems—Single-Phase AC Generators—
Three-Phase AC Generators—High-Speed and Low-Speed
Generators—Generator Frequency—Generator Voltage
Regulation—Generator Efficiency
Chapter 7 Direct Current Power Systems ............................................. 157
DC Production Using Chemical Cells—Characteristics of Primary
Cells—Characteristics of Secondary Cells—DC Generating Sys-
tems—DC Conversion Systems—DC Filtering Methods—DC Reg-
ulation Methods UNIT III ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ......... 203 Chapter 8 Power Distribution Fundamentals ...................................... 207
Overview of Electrical Power Distribution—Power Transmission
and Distribution—Radial, Ring, and Network Distribution
Systems—Use of Transformers for Power Distribution—
Conductors in Power Distribution Systems—Conductor Area—
Resistance of Conductors—Conductor Sizes and Types—
Ampacity of Conductors—Ampacity Tables—Use of Insulation in
Power Distribution Systems
Chapter 9 Power Distribution Equipment ............................................ 239
Equipment Used at Substations—Power System Protective
Equipment—Power Distribution Inside Industrial and
Commercial Buildings—The Electrical Service Entrance—Service
Entrance Terminology
Chapter 10 Single-Phase and Three-Phase

Distribution Systems ............................................................. 255
Single-Phase Systems— Three-Phase Systems—Grounding
of Distribution Systems—System Grounding—Ground-Fault
Protection—Wiring Design Considerations for Distribution
Systems—Branch Circuit Design Considerations—Feeder Circuit
Design Considerations—Determining Grounding Conductor
Size—Parts of Interior Electrical Wiring Systems
UNIT IV ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS ........... 289 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Electrical Loads ........................................ 293
Load Characteristics—Three-Phase Load Characteristics
Chapter 12 Heating Systems ..................................................................... 307
Basic Heating Loads—Electrical Welding Loads—Power
Considerations for Electric Welders—Electric Heating
and Air Conditioning Systems Chapter 13 Lighting Systems .................................................................... 327
Characteristics of Light—Electrical Lighting Circuits—
Branch Circuit Design—Lighting Fixture Design—
Factors in Determining Light Output
Chapter 14 Mechanical Systems

............................................................... 349
Basic Motor Principles—DC Motors—Specialized DC Motors—
Single-Phase AC Motors—Three-Phase AC Motors—Specialized
Mechanical Power Systems—Electric Motor Applications
UNIT V ELECTRICAL POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS .................. 401
Chapter 15 Power Control Devices .......................................................... 405
Power Control Standards, Symbols, and Definitions—Power
Control Using Switches—Control Equipment for Electric
Motors—other Electromechanical Power Control Equipment—
Electronic Power Control
Chapter 16 Operational Power Control Systems ................................... 427
Basic Control Systems—Motor—Starting Systems—
Specialized Control Systems—Frequency—Conversion
Systems—Programming the PLC
Chapter 17 Control Devices ...................................................................... 453
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers—SCR Construction—SCR I-V
Characteristics—DC Power Control with SCRs—AC Power
Control with SCRs—Triac Power Control—Triac Construction—
Triac Operation—Triac I-V Characteristics—Triac Applications—
Static Switching—Start-Stop Triac Control—Triac Variable Power
Control—Diac Power Control—Electronic Control Considerations

Electrical Engineering 101, Second Edition: Everything You Should Have Learned in School...but Probably Didn't



THE FIRST WORD
Wow, the success of the original edition of Electrical Engineering 101 has been
amazing. I have had fans from all over the world comment on it and how the
book has helped them. The response has been all I ever hoped for —so much
so that I get a chance to add to it and make an even better version.
Of course, these days you don’t just get a second edition, you get a better edi-
tion. This time through, you will get more insight into the topics (maybe a few
new topics too), a hardcover with color diagrams, and hopefully a few more


chuckles 1 that mostly only we nerdy types will understand.
If you want to know what this book is all about, here is my original preface:
The intent of this book is to cover the basics that I believe have been
either left out of your education or forgotten over time. Hopefully it will
become one of those well-worn texts that you drop on the desk of the
new guy when he asks you a question. There is something for every
student, engineer, manager, and teacher in electrical engineering. My
mantra is, “ It ain’t all that hard! ” Years ago I had a counselor in college
tell me proudly that they fl unked out over half the students who started
the engineering program. Needing to stay on her good side, I didn’t
say much at the time. I always wondered, though. If you fail so many
students, isn’t that really a failure to teach the subject well? I say “ It ain’t
all that hard ” to emphasize that even a hick with bad grammar like me can
understand the world of electrical engineering. This means you can too!
I take a different stance than that counselor of years ago, asserting that
everyone who wants to can understand this subject. I believe that way
more than 50% of the people who read this book will get something out
of it. It would be nice to show the statistics to that counselor some day;
she was encouraging me to drop out when she made her comment. So
good luck, read on, and prove me right: It ain’t all that hard!
vii
1 Just a hint, most of the chuckles are in the footnotes, and if you like those, check out the
glossary too! Preface viii
Well, that about says it all. If you do decide to give this book a chance, I want
to say thank you, and I hope it brings you success in all you do!
OVERVIEW
For Engineers
Granted, there are many good teachers out there and you might have gotten
the basics, but time and too many “status reports ” have dulled the fi nish on
your basic knowledge set. If you are like me, you have found a few really good
books that you often pull off the shelf in a time of need. They usually have a
well-written, easy-to-understand explanation of the particular topic you need
to apply. I hope this will be one of those books for you.
You might also be a fi sh out of water, an ME thrown into the world of electri-
cal engineering, and you would really like a basic understanding to work with
the EEs around you. If you get a really good understanding of these principles,
I guarantee you will surprise at least some of the “ sparkies ” (as I like to call
them) with your intuitive insights into problems at hand.
For Students
I don’t mean to knock the collegiate educational system, but it seems to me
that too often we can pass a class in school with the “assimilate and regurgi-
tate ” method. You know what I mean: Go to class, soak up all the things the
teacher wants you to know, take the test, say the right things at the right time,
and leave the class without an ounce of applicable knowledge. I think many
students are forced into this mode when teachers do not take the time to lay
the groundwork for the subject they are covering. Students are so hard-pressed
to simply keep up that they do not feel the light bulb go on over their heads or
say, “Aha, now I get it! ” The reality is, if you leave the class with a fundamental
understanding of the topic and you know that topic by heart, you will be emi-
nently more successful applying that basic knowledge than anything from the
end of the syllabus for that class.


For Managers
The job of the engineering manager 2 really should have more to it than is
depicted by the pointy-haired boss you see in Dilbert cartoons. One thing many
2 Suggested alternate title for this book from reader Travis Hayes: EE for Dummies and Those
They Manage . I liked it, but I fi gured the pointy-haired types wouldn’t get it.
managers do not know about engineers is that they welcome truly insightful
takes on whatever they might be working on. Please notice I said “truly insight-
ful”; you can’t just spout off some acronym you heard in the lunchroom and
expect engineers to pay attention. However, if you understand these basics,
I am sure there will be times when you will be able to point your engineers in
the right direction. You will be happy to keep the project moving forward, and
they will gain a new respect for their boss. (They might even put away their
pointy-haired doll!)
For Teachers
Please don’t get me wrong, I don’t mean to say that all teachers are bad; in fact
mostof my teachers (barring one or two) were really good instructors. However,
sometimes I think the system is fl awed. Given pressures from the dean to cover
X, Y, and Z topics, sometimes the more fundamental X and Y are sacrifi ced just
to get to topic Z .
I did get a chance to teach a semester at my own alma mater. Some of these
chapters are directly from that class. My hope for teachers is to give you another
tool that you can use to fl ip the switch on the “Aha” light bulbs over your stu-
dents’ heads.
For Everyone
At the end of each topic discussed in this book are bullet points I like to call
Thumb Rules. They are what they seem: those “rule-of-thumb” concepts that
really good engineers seem to just know. These concepts are what always led
them to the right conclusions and solutions to problems. If you get bored with
a section, make sure to hit the Thumb Rules anyway. There you will get the dis-
tilled core concepts that you really should know.
links

Electrical Engineering 101