Robot Building for Beginners

Robot Building
for Beginners
by David Cook
Published by Apress, January 2002
Now in its fifth printing!
Softcover, 568 pages
ISBN: 1893115445

Attention Readers: To access the book's resource page on this website, be sure to type the web page address from page 425 in the same upper/lower case as printed in the book.


Hey, I wrote a book!

As you can imagine, the Robot Room gets a lot of email from potential robot builders looking for advice, schematics, and answers to basic questions. So, I decided to dedicate some time and put together a great starter guide for inexperienced backyard scientists.

I'm particularly proud of the photographs in the book; over 400 of them!

In Robot Building for Beginners, not only will you learn about the basic parts and tools of robotics, but also you'll actually build a fantastic line-following robot. All the information you need is included: schematics, modular experiments, tool and part numbers, and step-by-step instructions. If you've been looking for complete instructions on building a simple, yet capable, line-following robot (Sandwich), this is your book!

You can build this robot! Click to view a movie of it in action.
Click the picture above to see an mpeg movie (696KB)

Basically, Robot Building for Beginners targets creative individuals that have the time, budget, and enthusiasm for building their own robots from scratch, but don't have the background in electronics.

Click here to order your copy, today!

Take a look at the chapter summaries that follow.

Chapter 1: Welcome Robot Inventor!

This chapter introduces robot anatomy, followed by a philosophy of building robots that may help you to be successful in happily finishing projects.


Chapter 2: Where to Obtain Tools and Parts

Here I list some of my favorite part suppliers, along with techniques for getting the most for your money.

Whenever a particular part is described, a list of suppliers is included, along with part numbers and prices. This allows you to easily follow along with the experiments, using the exact same parts I use.


Chapter 3: Safety

Rather than glossing over safety, I feel this subject is important enough to dedicate an entire chapter to it. Besides simple protective measures, I describe some product materials to avoid.

Toxic mercury switches


Chapter 4: Digital Multimeter

This chapter describes every possible multimeter feature I could find. At the end of the chapter, three actual meter advertisements are compared.

A very capable digitial multimeter

Digital multimeters are so important to robotics, that subsequent chapters provide illustrated, step-by-step instructions for using a multimeter in each stage of building and testing a robot.


Chapter 5: Numbers and Units

Have you ever wondered about the numbering scheme of certain parts? This chapter details some common measurement units and methods of labeling small parts.


Chapter 6: Robot Line-Following

With this chapter, so begins the heart of the book, with the introduction of Sandwich, the line-following robot. A detailed tour is made of the features, dials, and switches on Sandwich. You, too, can build this cool and capable robot!

Sandwich, the line-following robot


Chapter 7: Nine-Volt Batteries

Nine-volt batteries are quite popular with smaller, lunchbox-size robots. A comparison of common battery chemistries is made, along with revealing the manufacturer that stuffed their battery with polystyrene foam. The shock! The horror!

Something skwewy is going on around here


Chapter 8: Clips and Test Leads

No legitimate robot designer should be without a few pairs of alligator clips and hook test leads. Here you'll learn how to test them with the continuity mode on a multimeter.


Chapter 9: Resistors

This chapter describes the function of a resistor, in plain, simple terms. Step-by-step instructions are provided to test a resistor in the ohm-mode of a multimeter.

Testing a resistor with a multimeter


Chapter 10: LEDs

The LED chapter was a blast to take photographs for. You'll learn about the different selection criteria for LEDs, including the brightness myth. And of course, you'll see how to test LEDs.

Anatomy of an LED


Chapter 11: Power On!

At this point in the book, you have everything you need to make a power-indicator circuit. A simple schematic is included, with a complete explanation of each element.


Chapter 12: Solderless Prototyping

Prototyping a circuit is a must. The process is painless with a solderless breadboard. Also covered in this chapter are: wire strippers, solid wire, jumpers, and pliers.

Non-serrated needle-nose pliers


Chapter 13: Solderless Breadboard Setup

A good setup for your breadboard is to connect a rechargeable 9 V battery and a switch, extend the buses, and add a power indicator. This chapter shows you how to do it, along with methods of testing voltages throughout the board with a multimeter.

Solderless breadboard ready for action


Chapter 14: Variable Resistors

Now that you've prepared your breadboard, you can start experimenting with circuits that are too complicated for alligator clips. This chapter details variable resistors, such as fine-tuning potentiometers and photoresistor sensors.

Just like the Robot Room web site, each circuit described in this book is first shown in schematic (or wire diagram) form and then illustrated on an actual breadboard.

Solderless breadboard with line-following photoresistor sensors


Chapter 15: Comparators

A comparator is a really useful chip. Often it is a supplemental component used to preprocess sensor data for a microcontroller on a robot. In this case, the comparator is the brain of the line-following robot.

The comparator's decision-making process as indicated by the flow of electricity


Chapter 16: Transistor Switches

A working knowledge of transistors is necessary to drive robot motors. Instructions to test a transistor are covered, as well as NPN and PNP bipolar test circuits you can build if your multimeter doesn't have a transistor test socket.

PNP 2N2907A bipolar transistor


Chapter 17: DC Motors

What robot book would be complete without a close look at DC motors? This gave me an excuse to obtain and dissect a number of different motors and gearheads. (I was even able to put most of them back together again.)

Possibly the longest chapter in the book, it lists the many characteristics of motors and how you might go about selecting the proper motors for your robot. A table provides formulas for converting between different units of rotational force (torque). Learn about the significance and phases of motor current usage.

Oscilliscope trace showing various stages of motor current

Gears, gearhead motors, and gear ratios are also described.


Chapter 18: Adding Gearhead Motors

In this chapter, a particular gearhead motor is selected for the line-following robot. Additionally, flyback diodes are added for the protection of the transistors.

Gearhead motor exposed


Chapter 19: Wheels

From motors, we move on to wheels. The type of wheel makes a bigger difference to a robot than most people think. This chapter describes some of the factors to consider, along with my favorite wheel manufacturer.

The LEGO collection


Chapter 20: Coupler

If you're fortunate enough to find a matching set of wheels and motors suitable for your robot, then attaching the wheel to the motor shaft isn't a problem.

Usually though, there's a part, called a coupler, that's needed to connect the wheel to the motor. The couplers I make are compatible with LEGO wheels and gears. I use this kind of coupler on nearly all of my robots. In fact, many people joke that they first look for the coupler whenever I present one of my robots.

Coupler being drilled

After you read this chapter, you'll learn the simple secrets to making a coupler yourself. And, as always, step-by-step instructions are provided.


Chapter 21: Soldering Equipment

You can only proceed so far in robot building without soldering. Although it can seem intimidating, it's easy with a little practice and encouragement.

This chapter describes some popular soldering tools and supplies, such as a soldering iron, stand, sponge, desoldering bulb, flux, and (of course) solder.


Chapter 22: Soldering and Connecting

You won't want to solder everything together on your robot. In fact, some parts are best left to removable connectors. This chapter describes my personal favorite, the Molex KK-series connector, along with the pieces and tool you need to attach connectors to your robot.

Molex KK connector

This chapter also begins the soldering process for the line-following robot. Heat-shrink tubing, the hallmark of a professional, is also discussed.


Chapter 23: The Motherboard

The soldering section finishes with the complete schematic of the line-following robot. The choice of point-to-point wiring versus printed-circuit boards is covered, as well as expert tips for successful soldering.

At the end of this chapter, I list some quick techniques for verifying the quality of a circuit board BEFORE connecting it to power.

Underside of circuit board with point-to-point wiring


Chapter 24: Body Building

Few designers put enough time into selecting or making their robot's body. This chapter discloses a timesaving, yet uncompromising, body material. An easy technique for cutting holes in plastic is explained.

The more complicated process of making an aluminum base

Also discussed: standoffs, screws, nuts, washers, nutdrivers, switch hardware, and acetone.


Chapter 25: Launching the Line-Follower

Tweaking and adjusting often make the biggest difference between an ordinary robot and a great robot. This chapter describes simple trials for your line-following robot to complete, and possible corrections if your robot doesn't match the behaviors and values listed for mine.

Frame by frame analysis shows how the line-following robot is able to follow both light and dark lines. The limiting factors are revealed, as well as interesting ideas for enhancements. This is one of my favorite chapters.

Sandwich following a light line on a dark floor


Chapter 26: Encore

Where do you go from here?

There are lots of interesting, but more complicated, robotic components that can be pursued for more advanced robots. This chapter describes some of the parts you may want to use on your next robot.

Tilt sensor

This chapter also discusses some wacky project ideas and some of the autonomous-robot contests held throughout the United States.


Appendix:

The book ends with a discussion of Ohm's Law, the different names for positive and negative voltage, and the things I accidentally destroyed while making the book.


The book was a lot of fun to write. I think you will enjoy reading it.
links
http://www.file2box.com/mwb7yi8iuuwg